Elastic properties of external cortical bone in the craniofacial skeleton of the rhesus monkey
Identifieur interne : 006F70 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 006F69; suivant : 006F71Elastic properties of external cortical bone in the craniofacial skeleton of the rhesus monkey
Auteurs : Qian Wang [États-Unis] ; Paul C. Dechow [États-Unis]Source :
- American Journal of Physical Anthropology [ 0002-9483 ] ; 2006-11.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Alveolar area, American journal, Analysis program, Anat, Anatomical axis, Anisotropy, Anthropol, Ashman, Baboon, Baboon mandibles, Baylor college, Biomech, Bromage, Calvarial portion, Circumorbital, Circumorbital area, Consistent orientation, Cortical, Cortical bone, Cortical bones, Cortical material properties, Cortical plane, Cortical plate, Cortical thickness, Cranial, Craniofacial, Craniofacial skeleton, Cranium, Dechow, Dechow table, Dominant axis, Elastic, Elastic moduli, Elastic properties, Frontal bone, Functional implications, Greater wing, Human crania, Human skulls, Hylander, Lateral, Lateral part, Long axis, Longitudinal velocities, Macaque, Macaque mandibles, Mandible, Mastication, Material properties, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maximum stiffness, Measurement error, Mediolateral direction, Modulus, Muzzle area, Oral cavity, Orthogonal, Orthogonal directions, Orthotropic, Other regions, Palatine, Palatine process, Parietal, Parietal bone, Phys, Phys anthropol, Phys anthropol dechow, Poisson ratios, Primate, Principal functions, Ravosa, Rhesus, Rhesus monkey, Rhesus monkey cranium, Rhesus monkey skulls, Rhesus monkeys, Rhesus skull, Sagittal plane, Shear moduli, Skeletal form, Skeleton, Skull, Sphenoid bone, Stiffness, Strain gradient, Structural differences, Supraorbital, Supraorbital region, Supraorbital torus, Suture, Torus, Total anova area site, Transverse velocities, Ultrasonic velocities, Vault, Wang, Zygomatic, Zygomatic arch, Zygomatic bone.
- Teeft :
- Alveolar area, American journal, Analysis program, Anat, Anatomical axis, Anisotropy, Anthropol, Ashman, Baboon, Baboon mandibles, Baylor college, Biomech, Bromage, Calvarial portion, Circumorbital, Circumorbital area, Consistent orientation, Cortical, Cortical bone, Cortical bones, Cortical material properties, Cortical plane, Cortical plate, Cortical thickness, Cranial, Craniofacial, Craniofacial skeleton, Cranium, Dechow, Dechow table, Dominant axis, Elastic, Elastic moduli, Elastic properties, Frontal bone, Functional implications, Greater wing, Human crania, Human skulls, Hylander, Lateral, Lateral part, Long axis, Longitudinal velocities, Macaque, Macaque mandibles, Mandible, Mastication, Material properties, Maxilla, Maxillary, Maximum stiffness, Measurement error, Mediolateral direction, Modulus, Muzzle area, Oral cavity, Orthogonal, Orthogonal directions, Orthotropic, Other regions, Palatine, Palatine process, Parietal, Parietal bone, Phys, Phys anthropol, Phys anthropol dechow, Poisson ratios, Primate, Principal functions, Ravosa, Rhesus, Rhesus monkey, Rhesus monkey cranium, Rhesus monkey skulls, Rhesus monkeys, Rhesus skull, Sagittal plane, Shear moduli, Skeletal form, Skeleton, Skull, Sphenoid bone, Stiffness, Strain gradient, Structural differences, Supraorbital, Supraorbital region, Supraorbital torus, Suture, Torus, Total anova area site, Transverse velocities, Ultrasonic velocities, Vault, Wang, Zygomatic, Zygomatic arch, Zygomatic bone.
Abstract
Knowledge of elastic properties and of their variation in the cortical bone of the craniofacial skeleton is indispensable for creating accurate finite‐element models to explore the biomechanics and adaptation of the skull in primates. In this study, we measured elastic properties of the external cortex of the rhesus monkey craniofacial skeleton, using an ultrasonic technique. Twenty‐eight cylindrical cortical specimens were removed from each of six craniofacial skeletons of adult Macaca mulatta. Thickness, density, and a set of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were measured on each specimen to allow calculation of the elastic properties in three dimensions, according to equations derived from Newton's second law and Hooke's law. The axes of maximum stiffness were determined by fitting longitudinal velocities measured along the perimeter of each cortical specimen to a sinusoidal function. Results showed significant differences in elastic properties between different functional areas of the rhesus cranium, and that many sites have a consistent orientation of maximum stiffness among specimens. Overall, the cortical bones of the rhesus monkey skull can be modeled as orthotropic in many regions, and as transversely isotropic in some regions, e.g., the supraorbital region. There are differences from human crania, suggesting that structural differences in skeletal form relate to differences in cortical material properties across species. These differences also suggest that we require more comparative data on elastic properties in primate craniofacial skeletons to explore effectively the functional significance of these differences, especially when these differences are elucidated through modeling approaches, such as finite‐element modeling. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20438
Affiliations:
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<term>Analysis program</term>
<term>Anat</term>
<term>Anatomical axis</term>
<term>Anisotropy</term>
<term>Anthropol</term>
<term>Ashman</term>
<term>Baboon</term>
<term>Baboon mandibles</term>
<term>Baylor college</term>
<term>Biomech</term>
<term>Bromage</term>
<term>Calvarial portion</term>
<term>Circumorbital</term>
<term>Circumorbital area</term>
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<term>Cortical bone</term>
<term>Cortical bones</term>
<term>Cortical material properties</term>
<term>Cortical plane</term>
<term>Cortical plate</term>
<term>Cortical thickness</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Craniofacial</term>
<term>Craniofacial skeleton</term>
<term>Cranium</term>
<term>Dechow</term>
<term>Dechow table</term>
<term>Dominant axis</term>
<term>Elastic</term>
<term>Elastic moduli</term>
<term>Elastic properties</term>
<term>Frontal bone</term>
<term>Functional implications</term>
<term>Greater wing</term>
<term>Human crania</term>
<term>Human skulls</term>
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<term>Lateral part</term>
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<term>Longitudinal velocities</term>
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<term>Macaque mandibles</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Mastication</term>
<term>Material properties</term>
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<term>Maximum stiffness</term>
<term>Measurement error</term>
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<term>Oral cavity</term>
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<term>Orthotropic</term>
<term>Other regions</term>
<term>Palatine</term>
<term>Palatine process</term>
<term>Parietal</term>
<term>Parietal bone</term>
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<term>Phys anthropol</term>
<term>Phys anthropol dechow</term>
<term>Poisson ratios</term>
<term>Primate</term>
<term>Principal functions</term>
<term>Ravosa</term>
<term>Rhesus</term>
<term>Rhesus monkey</term>
<term>Rhesus monkey cranium</term>
<term>Rhesus monkey skulls</term>
<term>Rhesus monkeys</term>
<term>Rhesus skull</term>
<term>Sagittal plane</term>
<term>Shear moduli</term>
<term>Skeletal form</term>
<term>Skeleton</term>
<term>Skull</term>
<term>Sphenoid bone</term>
<term>Stiffness</term>
<term>Strain gradient</term>
<term>Structural differences</term>
<term>Supraorbital</term>
<term>Supraorbital region</term>
<term>Supraorbital torus</term>
<term>Suture</term>
<term>Torus</term>
<term>Total anova area site</term>
<term>Transverse velocities</term>
<term>Ultrasonic velocities</term>
<term>Vault</term>
<term>Wang</term>
<term>Zygomatic</term>
<term>Zygomatic arch</term>
<term>Zygomatic bone</term>
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<term>American journal</term>
<term>Analysis program</term>
<term>Anat</term>
<term>Anatomical axis</term>
<term>Anisotropy</term>
<term>Anthropol</term>
<term>Ashman</term>
<term>Baboon</term>
<term>Baboon mandibles</term>
<term>Baylor college</term>
<term>Biomech</term>
<term>Bromage</term>
<term>Calvarial portion</term>
<term>Circumorbital</term>
<term>Circumorbital area</term>
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<term>Cortical material properties</term>
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<term>Cortical plate</term>
<term>Cortical thickness</term>
<term>Cranial</term>
<term>Craniofacial</term>
<term>Craniofacial skeleton</term>
<term>Cranium</term>
<term>Dechow</term>
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<term>Elastic</term>
<term>Elastic moduli</term>
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<term>Functional implications</term>
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<term>Human skulls</term>
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<term>Long axis</term>
<term>Longitudinal velocities</term>
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<term>Macaque mandibles</term>
<term>Mandible</term>
<term>Mastication</term>
<term>Material properties</term>
<term>Maxilla</term>
<term>Maxillary</term>
<term>Maximum stiffness</term>
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<term>Mediolateral direction</term>
<term>Modulus</term>
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<term>Oral cavity</term>
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<term>Orthogonal directions</term>
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<term>Parietal bone</term>
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<term>Phys anthropol</term>
<term>Phys anthropol dechow</term>
<term>Poisson ratios</term>
<term>Primate</term>
<term>Principal functions</term>
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<term>Ultrasonic velocities</term>
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<front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en">Knowledge of elastic properties and of their variation in the cortical bone of the craniofacial skeleton is indispensable for creating accurate finite‐element models to explore the biomechanics and adaptation of the skull in primates. In this study, we measured elastic properties of the external cortex of the rhesus monkey craniofacial skeleton, using an ultrasonic technique. Twenty‐eight cylindrical cortical specimens were removed from each of six craniofacial skeletons of adult Macaca mulatta. Thickness, density, and a set of longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic velocities were measured on each specimen to allow calculation of the elastic properties in three dimensions, according to equations derived from Newton's second law and Hooke's law. The axes of maximum stiffness were determined by fitting longitudinal velocities measured along the perimeter of each cortical specimen to a sinusoidal function. Results showed significant differences in elastic properties between different functional areas of the rhesus cranium, and that many sites have a consistent orientation of maximum stiffness among specimens. Overall, the cortical bones of the rhesus monkey skull can be modeled as orthotropic in many regions, and as transversely isotropic in some regions, e.g., the supraorbital region. There are differences from human crania, suggesting that structural differences in skeletal form relate to differences in cortical material properties across species. These differences also suggest that we require more comparative data on elastic properties in primate craniofacial skeletons to explore effectively the functional significance of these differences, especially when these differences are elucidated through modeling approaches, such as finite‐element modeling. Am J Phys Anthropol 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</div>
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